In ideal conditions, cannabis can absorb 1500 - 2000 μmol/s. For context, in California, the sun can emit up to 2000 μmol/s around midday. This means that the light source should ideally be powerful enough to deliver this intensity over the area the canopy will occupy. Equipped with a powerful and efficient grow light, you may be tempted to use as much power as you can afford, to increase yield - but this is often not the best strategy; leaves can be damaged by overexposure to light (and heat) which will decrease yield. To avoid this, slowly increase the intensity of your light over several days, by increasing power draw by 5-10 watts per day, observing the leaves regularly. Any yellowing leaves can be a sign of light stress. This may be accompanied by curling leaves which are a sign of heat stress, often caused by lights being too intense. Note also that seedlings require less light than flowering plants.
Horticultural light metrics
There are many different metrics that can be used to measure the intensity and quality of light for photosynthesis in the cultivar.
μmol/s
The measure of photons per second produced by a light. Photons are measured in micro (10^-6) moles there are a huge amount of photons coming from any light source. One µmol is actually 602 quadrillion photons. Simply put, this metric is the intensity per second from a light.
PPFD
Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density: its unit is μmol/m^2/s. It is a measure of PAR intensity (light that can be used for photosynthesis) over an area per second. This is important to note when buying a grow light. For example, light A may provide an intensity of 800 μmol/s in a 1m^2 area, while light B provides the same intensity in a 4m^2 area. Light B provides the same intensity but over four times the area, so it can support a larger plant. In this case, light B has a greater PPFD.
μmol/J
The light intensity a horticultural light produces per Joule of power it uses. This is a measure of its efficiency. At the time of writing, the most efficient LED package available is the LM301H by Samsung. It achieves 3.10 μmol/J @ 65 mA, 25°C. Note the efficiency will change depending on the temperature and current supplied.
DLI (Daily light Intergral)
The amount of light energy (photons) a plant is receiving every 24 hours. For example, if you used a light with a PPFD of 500μmol/m^2/s on a 20/4 lighting schedule that would result in a DLI of 43.20. DLI is useful as a metric as it takes light schedule into account
Full light intensity from the sun in summer reaches around 60 DLI[1]
Horticulural light terms
PAR
PAR stands for Photosynthetic Active Radiation: light within the range of 400 to 700 nanometers that drives photosynthesis. For reference, the human eye can see light between 380 to 750 nm.
Types of lighting
There are several light technologies that have differing efficiencies, spectrums and form factors
CFL - Compact fluorescent lamp
HID - High-density discharge
LED - Light emitting diode
LEDs are the most compact and efficient light source but can be more costly than other means and require a driver.
LED Drivers
LED drivers can be categorized into constant voltage and constant current, both with dimmable options. If your panel has a recommended voltage, it's best to select a constant voltage driver. Dimmable drivers are more expensive but worth it because your plant requires more light at the flowering stage than at the seedling stage, so you may wish to use less power initially to conserve power. Meanwell drivers are the industry standard for efficiency and lifespan.
Light schedules
Common light schedules include 24/0 (24 hours of light a day), 20/4 (20 hours light, 4 hours darkness), 18/6 (18 hours light, 6 hours darkness), and 12/12 (12 hours of light, 12 hours of darkness).
Auto flowers can be grown with lights on 24 hours a day (24/0), but constant light can leave the plant with no time to recover from deficiencies, or stress in general. It is a good idea to match the light schedule with the cultivar's circadian rhythm; I recommend 20/4 or 22/2.
Ideal light intensity
In the initial stages of growth when the plant is a seedling, it should be exposed to much less light than when in flowering. This is for photoacclimation
life stage | PPFD
seedling | 100 - 400
Flowering | 600 - 2000
Maximum ppfd cannabis can tolerate is around 2000 - 2500 in perfect conditions[2][3] and a DLI of around 40 - 60 moles
Yield is linear with ppfd to around 2000 μmol/s[4] [5]
Meta-analysis of plant morphology to light intensity[6]
Measuring light intensity
The amount of photosynthetically reactive light (PAR) can be measured using a PAR meter or a lux meter combined with the chart of the light's spectral power distribution (SPD). A dedicated device may provide the most accurate results, but a cheaper alternative is to use a PPFD meter app on a smartphone. These apps use the phone's brightness sensor to find a lux value and ask the user to input the spectrum of the light they are using.
An example can be found at waveformlighting
Light spectrum
The color of light is dependent on the frequency of the light. see also Electromagnetic spectrum. Blue/purple light used to be standard in Cannabis growing but are slowly being replaced by full-spectrum lights. Throughout the plant's life cycle, it can be helpful to apply different ranges of the light spectrum.
High frequency light
Approximately 3% of the light radiation from the sun is ultraviolet; in the range of 100-400 nm. The light is the ratio of 1:30 UVB to UVA, and all UVC is absorbed by the atmosphere, particularly the Ozone layer. UV light rays can damage plants and stress them, triggering the creation of more trichromes[7][8] UV lights specifically for growing are available.
UV A (315-400 nm)
UV B (280-315 nm)
UV C (100-280 nm)
Low frequency light
Low-frequency light is constituted of red light in the visible spectrum, "far range" and infra-red.
Red light promotes cell elongation in plants, in cannabis, this manifests as stretching of the stem. While not visible to the human eye, far-red light is also photosynthetically active[9]
Adding far-red light can increase cannabis yield by an average of 20%[10]
see also: How Lighting Affects Cannabis Cultivation - Cannabis Grow Lights[11]
References
- ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ID9rE5JewVg&t=1170s&ab_channel=ApogeeInstrumentsInc. - Bruce Bugee Grow lighting myths
- ↑ Light dependence of photosynthesis and water vapor exchange... (Chandra, 2015)- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmap.2015.03.002
- ↑ Cannabis business times Oct, 2021 https://www.cannabisbusinesstimes.com/article/growing-under-high-light-intensities-lighting-report/
- ↑ Cannabis Yield, Potency, and Leaf Photosynthesis Respond Differently to Increasing Light Levels in an Indoor Environment (Rodriguez-Morrison, 2021) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8144505/
- ↑ High Light Intensities Can Be Used to Grow Healthy and Robust Cannabis Plants During the Vegetative Stage of Indoor Production (Moher, 2021) https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202104.0417/v1
- ↑ A meta-analysis of plant responses to light intensity for 70 traits ranging from molecules to whole plant performance (Poorter, 2019) https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nph.15754
- ↑ What light spectrum does weed need to grow? - Growing Cannabis 201: Advanced Grow Tips | Indica Institute - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NY0bB_Jmt5E
- ↑ Pate, David W. (1983). "Possible role of ultraviolet radiation in evolution of Cannabis chemotypes" doi:10.1007/BF02904200
- ↑ Dr. Bruce Bugbee (2019) - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sS7aAcacfgk&ab_channel=ApogeeInstrumentsInc.
- ↑ Fluence science - https://fluence.science/broad-spectrum-leds-cannabis/
- ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tKzmx6XDOkE&t=235s&ab_channel=CannabisTech